Access Specifiers in Java- Key Points

• Encapsulation links data with the code that manipulates it. 
• Encapsulation provides another important attribute called access control.
• Java’s access specifiers are public, private, and protected.
• A default access level is also defined in Java.
• protected applies only during inheritance.
• When a member of a class is declared as public, then that member can be accessed by any other code.
• When a member of a class is declared as private, then that member can only be accessed by other members of its class.
• When no access specifier is used, then by default the member of a class is public within its own package, but cannot be accessed outside of
• its package.  
• main( ) method in Java is declared as public because it is called by code that is outside the program—that is, by the Java run-time system.  

Abstract Methods and Classes in Java-Key Points

• The methods that are declared but not implemented are called abstract methods.
• An abstract class can contain abstract methods and fully implemented methods both.
• All of the methods in an interface  are implicitly abstract, so the abstract modifier is not used with interface methods.
• If an abstract class contains only abstract method declarations, it should be declared as an interface instead.
• Unlike interfaces, abstract classes can contain fields that are not static and final, and they can contain implemented methods.